4 Lecture

What does ISA stand for? a) Integrated Software Architecture b) Instruction Set Architecture c) Interface System Architecture d) Interconnect System Architecture Answer: b) Instruction Set Architecture What is the purpose of ISA? a) To define the functionality and operation of a processor b) To define the architecture of a computer system c) To define the programming language used by a processor d) To define the operating system used by a computer Answer: a) To define the functionality and operation of a processor What are instruction formats? a) Binary code used to represent instructions in machine language b) Programming tools used to write instructions for a processor c) The architecture of a computer system d) The operating system used by a computer Answer: a) Binary code used to represent instructions in machine language What is an opcode? a) A type of instruction format b) A binary code used to represent a specific operation c) A programming tool used to write instructions d) The architecture of a computer system Answer: b) A binary code used to represent a specific operation Which of the following is an example of an operand? a) ADD b) 0x04 c) MOV d) JMP Answer: b) 0x04 What does RISC stand for? a) Reduced Instruction Set Computer b) Random Instruction Set Computer c) Relocatable Instruction Set Computer d) Robust Instruction Set Computer Answer: a) Reduced Instruction Set Computer Which of the following is an advantage of RISC architecture? a) It has a large number of complex instructions b) It can perform complex instructions in a single clock cycle c) It is more power-efficient than CISC architecture d) It is more versatile than CISC architecture Answer: c) It is more power-efficient than CISC architecture Which of the following is a characteristic of CISC architecture? a) It has a small number of simple instructions b) It can perform complex instructions in a single clock cycle c) It is more power-efficient than RISC architecture d) It is more versatile than RISC architecture Answer: b) It can perform complex instructions in a single clock cycle Which instruction format specifies the location of an operand in memory? a) Register addressing b) Immediate addressing c) Direct addressing d) Indirect addressing Answer: c) Direct addressing Which instruction format specifies an operand that is contained in the instruction itself? a) Register addressing b) Immediate addressing c) Direct addressing d) Indirect addressing Answer: b) Immediate addressing

What is ISA, and what is its role in processor design? Answer: ISA stands for Instruction Set Architecture. It is a set of instructions and programming tools that define the functionality and operation of a processor. ISA specifies the instructions that a processor can execute, the registers it uses, the memory addressing modes it supports, and the format of its instructions. What are the different types of addressing modes used in instruction formats? Answer: The different types of addressing modes are register addressing, immediate addressing, direct addressing, and indirect addressing. What is an opcode, and what is its function in instruction formats? Answer: Opcode is a binary code used to represent a specific operation. It specifies the operation to be performed by the processor, such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication. What is RISC architecture, and what are its advantages over CISC architecture? Answer: RISC architecture stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. It is a type of processor design that emphasizes simplicity and speed of instruction execution. RISC processors have a small number of simple instructions that can be executed quickly. RISC architecture is more power-efficient than CISC architecture, and it is easier to design and manufacture. What is CISC architecture, and what are its advantages over RISC architecture? Answer: CISC architecture stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. It is a type of processor design that emphasizes versatility and complexity of instruction execution. CISC processors can perform complex instructions in a single clock cycle, which makes them suitable for applications that require high computational power. What is direct addressing, and how is it different from indirect addressing? Answer: Direct addressing specifies the location of an operand in memory. It directly specifies the memory location of the operand. Indirect addressing, on the other hand, specifies the location of the memory address of the operand. What is register addressing, and how is it different from memory addressing? Answer: Register addressing specifies the operand as a register. It uses the registers present in the processor to store operands. Memory addressing, on the other hand, specifies the operand as a memory location. It uses the memory to store operands. What is the role of the program counter in instruction execution? Answer: The program counter is a register that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed. It increments after each instruction execution, thus allowing the processor to execute instructions in sequence. What is pipelining, and how does it affect instruction execution? Answer: Pipelining is a technique used to increase the efficiency of instruction execution. It divides the execution of instructions into a sequence of stages, each of which is executed simultaneously. This reduces the time required to execute an instruction, and thus increases the overall processing speed. What is the role of microcode in instruction execution? Answer: Microcode is a low-level software that translates machine language instructions into microinstructions that can be executed by the processor. It enables the processor to execute complex instructions by breaking them down into simpler microinstructions.